The French Family Migration to California From the Mid South
French americans
past Laurie Collier Hillstrom
Overview
The French Republic (République Française)—more ordinarily known as France—occupies 212,918 square miles, making it the largest country in Western Europe and slightly smaller than the state of Texas. It is hexagonal in shape, with half its borders, or 1,920 miles, made upwardly of coastline. It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the due west, the English Channel to the northwest, Kingdom of belgium and Luxembourg to the north, Germany to the northeast, Switzerland to the east, Italy to the southeast, the Mediterranean Sea to the s, and Spain to the southwest. The topography of French republic includes the Pyrenees mountains along the southern border and the Alps along the southwest edge. The remaining terrain varies from mountain ranges to plains to forests, and includes four major river systems.
The population of France was approximately 55.5 one thousand thousand in 1987, and it has remained relatively stable over time. The capital and major cultural center is Paris, where nigh one-5th of the total population resides. France has held a prestigious position in Western culture since the Middle Ages, showing particular influence in fine art, architecture, philosophy, and literature. The country became a leading member of the European Economic Community (EEC) and subsequently the European Customs (EC) and is one of the five permanent members of the Un Security Council. The French national flag consists of three wide vertical stripes of blue, white, and cherry-red.
About lxxx percent of French people consider themselves Roman Catholic, though only 20 pct of French Catholics nourish church regularly. According to Jonathan Harris in The Land and People of France, French discord with the Catholic church dates back to the eighteenth century, when the church reached the pinnacle of its wealth and ability. Since then, anticlericalism has been a pervasive attitude in French lodge. France is as well home to about 800,000 Protestants, who, despite their minority condition, savor a strong influence in business and the government. In addition, with 700,000 Jewish residents, France has the largest Jewish community in Europe besides Russia. Most ane.5 1000000 Muslims—mostly emigrants from the onetime French colonies of Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia—comprise another sizable religious minority in France.
Since conditions in French republic historically have been considered humane and prosperous, relatively few French citizens have decided to emigrate. On the reverse, an estimated four million people from other lands have chosen to immigrate to France in the past 150 years. The most prevalent sources of immigrants to France in modernistic times include Portugal, Spain, Italy, eastern Europe, northern Africa, and Asia. The foreign population in France grew by 4.5 percent annually throughout the 1970s. Although this rate slowed to 0.7 percent during the 1980s, immigrants comprised 7 per centum of the population of France by the early 1990s. Ane gauge suggested that up to 500,000 of these immigrants had remained in the country illegally. While France has faced some bug in assimilating such large numbers of immigrants from different cultures, some experts claim that the French have largely succeeded in forging a sense of national identity.
HISTORY
The history of France dates back to about m B.C. , when Celtic tribes moved into large areas of northern Europe. The Celts who remained in the surface area that eventually became France were known as Gauls. Around 600 B.C. , Greek colonists settled in the Mediterranean expanse of Marseilles, and their civilized ways had a strong influence on the Gauls. In 59 B.C. , however, Julius Caesar led Roman forces in conquest of the area, which the Romans ruled for the next 500 years. During this time they built the foundation of many modern French roads and cities and ensured that Latin would grade the basis of the French language. Afterward the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 A.D. , France was ruled every bit an accented monarchy past 4 successive dynasties. By the fourth dimension King Henry IV established the Bourbon dynasty in 1589, French republic had developed a strict system of social hierarchy known equally feudalism. Wealthy aristocrats owned the state and participated in government, while poorer people worked the land and had few rights.
The stage was ready for French immigration to North America in the early 1500s, during a religious movement known as the Reformation. At this time, many citizens of French republic and other European nations protested against some of the doctrines and corrupt practices so prevailing in the Roman Cosmic church. The Reformation caused disharmonize throughout Europe, somewhen dividing the church into two separate factions, Catholics and Protestants. John Calvin, a French priest, was instrumental in the spread of Protestantism. His followers, chosen Huguenots, built 2,000 churches in France by the mid-1500s, though they also became the targets of persecution by French Catholics during thirty years of civil war. King Henry Four, who was born a Protestant but converted to Catholicism, stopped the conflict temporarily in 1594 by enacting the Edict of Nantes, which granted political rights and freedom of organized religion to French Protestants. Later on spending several years unsuccessfully pressuring Protestants to catechumen, however, Rex Louis Fourteen revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685. This sudden loss of rights and status caused thousands of Huguenots to leave France for Northward America. The majority of Huguenot immigrants were skilled, well-educated, and prosperous.
Another important consequence in French history that affected immigration to North America occurred in 1763, with the decision of the Seven Years' War (also known as the French and Indian State of war) between France and England. These traditional enemies had clashed repeatedly over expansionist policies and colonization in Europe, North America, and Republic of india. After losing this conflict, France relinquished to England control of its colonies, through the Treaty of Paris. According to Jean-Baptiste Duroselle in France and the United States: From Ancestry to Nowadays (1976), French Americans "nursed the knowledge that they had been abased by a country that was no longer their homeland, and of which they today retain nothing but the language." Duroselle goes on to state that this issue marked the stop of French political power in the land that would become the United States. The American Revolution began only 12 years afterward, however, and French republic was persuaded to provide invaluable military aid to the American side. In fact, many historians claim that the French support enabled the United states to form.
French republic became embroiled in its own revolution in 1789. As the French middle grade, or bourgeoisie, became more prosperous and powerful, they began to resent the feudal system and demanded equal rights and tax reform. King Louis XVI accepted some of the people's demands, but later brought troops into Paris to endeavour to crush the rebellion. On July fourteen, crowds of armed protesters destroyed the Bastille, a fortress that was used to agree political prisoners and that gradually had become a symbol of oppression. This event marked the cease of the old regime and the offset of the French Democracy, and it has been historic e'er since every bit a national holiday—Bastille Twenty-four hours. France soon adopted a constitution that ensured equal rights for all citizens and limited the powers of the monarchy and the church. The French Revolution continued, yet, as conservative and radical forces vied for control of the new government. These factions staged reciprocal campaigns of violence against one some other during what came to exist known every bit the Reign of Terror.
In the meantime, France entered into state of war with a coalition of European nations determined to halt the revolution and its radical ideas. Napoleon Bonaparte gained prominence every bit a French military leader and and so overthrew the government of France in 1799, granting himself dictatorial powers equally Emperor Napoleon I. Although Napoleon scored many popular military victories and initiated lasting reforms to the French educational and legal systems, he also severely limited individual rights. His rules made it most impossible for French citizens to emigrate, for example, so only a few immigrants came to the United States until the stop of his reign in 1815.
Public opinion in the United states of america, which had been generally positive toward French republic since the American Revolution, gradually became negative during the Reign of Terror. The Us somewhen claimed neutrality during the French Revolution and refused to provide assistance during the resulting war in Europe. Relations with French republic became the subject of intense debate amidst the leaders of the U.South. Congress and in the newly influential American press. Negative attitudes toward France peaked in 1797 with the XYZ Affair, when 3 unnamed French diplomats demanded a huge ransom before they would agree to speak with American delegates nearly a new treaty. This perceived insult acquired the United States to prepare for a state of war with France.
During this fourth dimension, French Americans—especially those who had come to the Us as refugees from the French Revolution—were viewed by some American leaders as a potential threat to national security. In 1798 the U.South. government passed the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts, which were intended to monitor and limit the power of immigrant groups. For example, the Acts increased the residency requirement from five to fourteen years earlier immigrants were immune to vote, forced ships to compile dossiers on immigrant passengers, and granted the regime the power to deport anyone it considered "dangerous." The Acts became the subject of considerable public outrage and were immune to elapse two years afterward. Soon thereafter, the 1803 purchase of the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon helped relax the tension over immigration. This vast tract of land doubled the size of the United States and provided a new borderland for a large wave of new immigrants.
After Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo in 1815, France was ruled first equally a constitutional monarchy and so as a republic. In 1848, Napoleon'southward nephew Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elected president of the republic, but he soon overthrew the government and proclaimed himself Emperor Napoleon III. He was soundly defeated in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, however, which resulted in the loss of the French provinces Alsace and Lorraine to the German Empire. Thousands of Alsatians chose to emigrate to the United States at this time rather than live under German rule. French republic approved the democratic constitution of the 3rd Commonwealth in 1875.
Earth War I helped better relations betwixt France and the United States when French and American soldiers fought together. In the flow between the World Wars, France endured a weak government and low birth rates. These conditions contributed to the fall of French republic in 1940, shortly after the get-go of World War II, and to its occupation past German troops for the next four years. The 4th Republic was established in 1946, but the government was unstable and faced abiding conflict with French colonies seeking independence. Charles de Gaulle was elected president of the Fifth Republic in 1958 and managed to bring peace and economic recovery to France.
PATTERNS OF FRENCH Immigration
The history of French immigration to the U.s.a. involves a number of patterns. In simply a few cases did groups of French citizens make a collective decision to leave France for the United States. Instead, typical French immigrants came as individuals or families seeking modify or economic opportunity. Some analysts attribute this lack of group movement to the humane climate of France, while others merits that in general the French are reluctant to organize into groups. As a issue, the number of immigrants to the United States from France has always been smaller than from other European countries.
According to the Statistical Abstract of the United States, for instance, immigrants from France accounted for only 0.46 percent of full American immigrants over the 30-year period from 1961 to 1991—or 78,300 out of a total 16.98 million. In addition, only xviii,000 people came to the United States from France betwixt 1980 and 1988, compared to 112,000 from England and 56,000 from Germany ("French American Relations: Rapprochement," Economist, March xvi, 1991). In full, approximately 740,000 immigrants from France have settled in the United States since 1820, and between 30,000 and xl,000 came earlier. In 1990, 119,233 people living in the U.s.a. told the U.S. Census Bureau that they had been born in France. The flow of French immigrants to the United States too has been very stable in comparison to other countries, ranging from a high of 77,000 during the decade of the 1840s to a depression of eighteen,000 during the 1970s.
While these figures provide useful information about the trends of French clearing, demographers admit that counting French Americans has been problematic since U.S. colonial times. For many years U.S. officials tended to overestimate the number of French immigrants because they equated immigrants' nationality with their final identify of home before arrival. This policy meant that many people who really hailed from Germany or Eastern Europe and had settled in France temporarily in club to facilitate their eventual passage to the United States were regarded every bit French Americans. Some other problem in the U.S. immigration figures involves inconsistent treatment of the French speaking people who came to America from Canada or the Caribbean. French Canadian Americans, Acadians (or Cajuns), and Creoles grade distinct U.S. indigenous groups but are not always distinguished from French Americans in census figures. Compounding the problems with U.South. immigration figures, for many years French officials tended to underestimate the number of emigrants because they wished to downplay any outflow of French citizens. Withal, most sources agree that French immigration to the U.s.a. has been small and steady over time.
Despite their relatively modest numbers, French immigrants take tended to be more than successful and influential than other groups in America. French immigrants are generally urban, heart-class, skilled, and progressive, and they are most likely to be employed every bit artisans or merchants. The U.Due south. Census of 1910 showed that French Americans were more than literate, more concentrated in liberal professions, and had fewer children and larger living spaces than other immigrant groups. In the 1930s, moreover, French Americans accounted for ten percent of the entries in Appleton'due south Encyclopedia of American Biography, although they fabricated up just two percent of the overall population. However, many French immigrants returned to France despite their high rate of success in the United states. In fact, a 1980 approximate showed that merely one-third of registered French immigrants ultimately decided to seek U.Southward. citizenship.
THE FIRST FRENCH AMERICANS
Many of the primeval French settlements in Northward America were mainly intended as trading outposts. Jean Ribaut, a French Huguenot sailor, established 2 of the first French colonies nigh Beaufort, South Carolina, and Jacksonville, Florida, in the 1550s. He settled in these locations in order to compete with the Spanish for control of trade in the Caribbean area region. In 1534, French explorer Jacques Cartier became the first to travel the length of the St. Lawrence River. Although he failed to find the gilt he was seeking, by 1542 he did reach the area that would get Quebec, including Montreal, in Canada. After forming an brotherhood with the powerful Algonquin Indians, Samuel de Champlain founded the first permanent French settlement in Quebec in 1608.
Originally, French colonial policy allowed simply Catholics to emigrate, but most French Catholics were reluctant to get out their homes. As a result, the few people who came to Due north America from French republic were mostly explorers, traders, or Jesuit missionaries seeking to catechumen the Indians. These individuals tended to spread out and travel far into the wilderness. In fact, by the time the Pilgrims arrived in New England in 1620, the French had already discovered three of the Great Lakes. This migration to the Midwest later led to French bases in Detroit and St. Louis. Robert Cavelier de La Salle traveled the length of the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico in 1682, and upon completion of his journey founded Louisiana by claiming the unabridged Mississippi Basin in the proper noun of King Louis 14 of French republic. Jean-Baptiste Bienville followed by forming a successful French colony in New Orleans in 1717.
Meaning IMMIGRATION WAVES
At that place have been several notable waves of French immigrants to the United States based upon economic, religious, or political factors. For the most function, nonetheless, French immigration has been a upshot of individual decisions rather than a mass motion. The earliest flow of French immigrants began around 1538 and consisted of Huguenots who felt alienated from mainstream French society due to their Protestant organized religion. The Huguenots' emigration peaked later King Louis Fourteen revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685, outlawing the Protestant religion and forcing the Huguenots to either catechumen to Catholicism or face up death. According to Albert Robbins in Coming to America: Immigrants from Northern Europe, the male monarch's official decree gave orders to "kill the greatest part of the Protestants that can be overtaken, without sparing the women, to the end that this may intimidate them and foreclose others from falling into a like fault."
Many Huguenots decided to flee from French republic, only information technology was yet illegal for Protestants to emigrate. Those who managed to get out often had to pay bribes or use connections to acquire simulated passports. Equally a outcome, the bulk of the 15,000 Huguenots who arrived in North America were wealthy and skilled, and they eventually gained prominence as craftsmen and merchants. The Huguenots established a strong presence in New York with settlements in Harlem, Staten Island, New Rochelle, and New Paltz. In fact, the first child born in New York Urban center was Jean Vigné, the son of a Huguenot immigrant. Pennsylvania, Virginia, Southward Carolina, and Massachusetts likewise became the sites of successful Huguenot settlements. Since the Huguenots could not settle among French Catholics and felt alienated from France, nearly accustomed N America every bit their new homeland and inverse their names to audio more than English language.
With the commencement of the French Revolution, a moving ridge of Roman Catholic refugees emigrated from France to the United States. Many of these immigrants were either wealthy aristocrats or working-course people, such as chefs and hairdressers, who depended upon the aristocrats for their livelihood. Another important grouping of refugees to arrive at this time included 100 French priests. Since in that location were but 25 priests in the American colonies prior to their arrival, these immigrants had a strong influence on the evolution of the American Catholic church. Missionary work carried the Roman Catholic refugees to far-ranging French colonial areas, such equally Michigan, St. Louis, and Louisiana.
About 10,000 political refugees managed to exit France during the French Revolution, and many of these immigrants traveled through French colonies in the Caribbean area to reach the United states. This group included about 3,000 people of mixed black and French ancestry who settled in
Emerge Eustice wears a wearing apparel and a lace kerchief veil in a style worn past French brides in the 1700s at Fort Michilimackinac, Michigan.
Philadelphia. Post-obit Napoleon'south defeat in 1815, a large wave of French immigration began, which lasted through the start of the American Ceremonious War. Napoleon'southward brother Jérome came to the The states at this fourth dimension with several hundred onetime soldiers and tried unsuccessfully to found settlements in Texas, Alabama, and Ohio.
The California Gold Rush, which began in 1848, convinced a record number of French immigrants to make their manner to the United States. About 30,000 people arrived between 1849 and 1851, with an all-time loftier of 20,000 coming in 1851 alone. Unfortunately, few of these immigrants ever found the riches they were seeking. According to Abraham P. Nasatir in French Activities in California, the following letter written by Montes Jean—one of the French immigrant "40-niners"—describes the conditions immigrants encountered in San Francisco in December 1849: "It is twenty-iv days since nosotros arrived in California, but in what condition.... We accept been very fortunate being in a country where a keen deal is earned and where piece of work is non lacking. I say 'piece of work'; that is to say, go to the dock of San Francisco, get a working man, carry bales of merchandise to various stores and y'all will be quite well paid. For conveying a trunk weighing about a hundred livres for a distance of fifty meters or more one is paid three dollars (about sixteen francs); and in this way we have lived up to now, when I am writing you. But at present, since people are arriving in large numbers, prices are diminishing greatly. One cannot go to the mines at this time on account of the rising waters and because the routes are miry and submerged.... Food is very expensive in this country. Staff of life, for example, costs a half-dollar a livre, and meat twenty-six sous de France. Work is not progressing very much at nowadays, although in that location are ii hundred vessels in the harbor."
In 1871 a grouping of Alsatian Jews settled in Los Angeles, afterwards the Franco-Prussian State of war put the French provinces Alsace and Lorraine under German rule. Clearing slowed significantly during the American Civil War, and the years immediately post-obit saw a larger percentage of unskilled workers from France moving to the U.s.a.. A number of French Jews immigrated afterwards the fall of France to the Germans in 1940. From the end of World War 2 onward, a strong cultural and economical recovery in France caused the menses of French immigrants to slow considerably. Most French immigrants in the second half of the twentieth century came to the United States because they married an American citizen or simply wanted to try something unlike, rather than out of religious, economical, or political necessity.
SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
French American settlement patterns reflect the fact that French immigrants typically came to the United States equally individuals or families seeking economic opportunity. Rather than joining groups of previous French settlers or establishing French American communities, these immigrants most often scattered to the areas where new opportunities seemed probable to be establish. For example, the number of ethnic French living in Louisiana dropped from 15,000 in 1860 to one-half that number past 1930 as the prosperity of the South declined. In the meantime, the French population of California rose from 8,000 in 1860 to 22,000 by 1970 as immigrants pursued new opportunities in the W. Co-ordinate to We the People: An Atlas of America's Ethnic Diversity, in 1980 more immigrants directly from France lived in California, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania than in any other states. Many of these French immigrants possessed professional skills that were most valuable in urban environments. Less than 40 per centum of French Americans immigrated directly from France, nevertheless, as the majority came from French speaking parts of Canada. In full general, these groups came from different French social classes and tended to avert contact with each other despite their shared language.
According to the U.S. Census of 1980, the counties with the largest number of people of French ancestry—including those whose ancestors immigrated to the United States directly from France as well as those whose ancestors immigrated from Canada or the Caribbean—were Worcester, Massachusetts, with xc,332; Providence, Rhode Island, with 72,461; Middlesex, Massachusetts, with 66,911; Los Angeles, California, with 65,263; and Hillsborough, New Hampshire, with 58,278. The counties (parishes) with the highest per centum of their population challenge French ancestry were all in Louisiana: Vermillion, with 43.13 percent French ancestry; St. Martin, with 37.67 percent; Evangeline, with 36.22 percent; Lafourche, with 36.2 percent; and Avoyelles, with 33.48 percent.
Acculturation and Assimilation
Historically, the people who immigrated to the United states from northern Europe—including French republic—were more readily accepted than some other immigrant groups. For example, when the U.Southward. Congress passed a law restricting clearing in the 1920s, northern European groups received the nigh liberal quotas. This favored status immune northern European immigrants to assimilate more easily into American civilisation. The type of individual who was most likely to leave France for the U.s.a., moreover, had a particularly strong propensity toward assimilation. For instance, a high percentage of French immigrants were professionals or merchants who earned their livings amongst the greater population and within an urban surround. At the same time, very few French farmers—who would have lived in rural areas and been more isolated from the dominant culture—decided to emigrate. Typical French immigrants were likewise modernists who felt estranged from mainstream French civilisation and viewed the Us as a progressive, classless, secular, and innovative society. "Given this background of alienation and yearning," Patrice Louis René Higonnet explains in the Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, "information technology is hardly surprising that French immigrants, self-selecting and at odds with the national ethos, should have been assimilationists."
Higonnet also attributes the absence of grouping spirit amongst French Americans to their geographic dispersion, a general French distaste for grouping interaction, and the fact that French immigrants came to the United States seeking new forms of society and culture. One early case of assimilation among French immigrants was when the Huguenots chose to join the less-extreme Anglican Church in Northward America. In the modern era, despite the strong cultural nationalism found in France, French Americans
In 1989 French Americans historic the bicentennial of the French Revolution.
accept shown a college rate of intermarriage than any other non-English-speaking immigrant group. In fact, French Americans tend to assimilate so quickly and completely that most sources can just cite their overall impact on American civilization. Every bit James Southward. Pula confirmed in The French in America, "Place names and linguistic quirks remain as a lasting testimony to the influence of France on American civilisation, simply the people have all but disappeared into an completeness of assimilation. Unlike many other national groups, the French generally held no special reluctance toward Anglicanizing their names and their speech."
TRADITIONS, Community, AND Behavior
The rapid assimilation of French immigrants into American society ensured that few traditional community were carried over and practiced by French Americans. Instead, Americans studied and emulated French culture, manners, cuisine, fashion, art, and literature. French Americans mainly disseminated information and acted equally office models. French civilisation offset gained widespread popularity in the United States in the early nineteenth century—shortly afterwards the Revolutionary State of war—when Americans followed the events and supported the principles of the French Revolution. French chefs and restaurants bolstered the popularity of French cuisine, while the influence of French impressionists on American art became apparent. Several U.South. presidents also ordered French furniture and silverware for use at the White Business firm.
CUISINE
French immigrants introduced a broad range of interesting foods to America. For case, French Americans made the first yeast breads in N America and brought technical farming skills that vastly improved American rice and wines. Huguenots grew and prepared the showtime okra, artichokes, and tomatoes. The popularity of French cuisine took off in the 1780s, post-obit the alliance between France and the United States during the American Revolution. Many respected French chefs, such as Arthur Goussé in Los Angeles, immigrated to the United States and established restaurants. Even non-French Americans began to set up buns and rolls, omelettes, and delicate soups. A number of French culinary terms remain prominent in modern times, including burgoo, purée, fricassée, mayonnaise, pâté, hors d'oeuvres, bisque, fillet, sauté, goulash, au gratin, and à la way.
FASHION
Imported French attire gained popularity in the early nineteenth century, peculiarly items such as gloves and lace. Around 1850, the French custom of wearing beards swept across the Usa. In 1908, several women wearing imported French skirts and fishnet stockings were arrested for indecent exposure. France has maintained its position on the leading edge of world mode through the nowadays mean solar day.
HOLIDAYS
The French national vacation of Bastille Twenty-four hour period—which commemorates the uprising that destroyed a
The Cape Vincent French Festival, in Cape Vincent, New York, attracts many French descendants and children.
major symbol of oppression in Paris and led to the germination of the Kickoff Commonwealth in 1789—is celebrated in some communities throughout the United states on July fourteen. In addition, the New Orleans tradition of Mardi Gras—a week-long series of parades and parties usually held in February—was start organized in 1827 by French American students.
HEALTH Problems
The boilerplate life expectancy in French republic is exactly the same as in the United States—70 years for men, and 78 years for women. Although there are no known congenital diseases specific to French Americans, the French have shown a higher than average susceptibility to lung and throat cancers, mainly considering they tend to smoke and drinkable heavily. France has one of the highest rates of alcoholism in the world.
Language
French is a Romance language derived from Latin. It has enjoyed a prestigious position in world culture for over iii centuries. French was the official language of diplomatic negotiations, and the preferred language among the upper classes of Western civilization, beginning around 1650. By most 1920, however, English language began to gain popularity, and it eventually surpassed French in terms of international status. In 1975 the French National Assembly, reacting to what information technology viewed as an encroachment of English slang upon the French language (ordinarily called "franglais"), passed a law restricting the use of untranslated English words in advertising materials. They also hoped to discourage the French public from using English words when an equivalent French term existed.
As of 1990, an estimated 1.93 million people in the Usa spoke the French linguistic communication at home. The influence of French is also apparent in American English. For example, since French explorers oft served equally guides for other settlers after the Usa purchased the Louisiana Territory, French words were used to describe many aspects of the frontier experience, such equally portage, rapids, bayou, butte, elevation, gopher, prairie, pass, and cache. French explorers also left a legacy of American place names, including Baton Rouge, Sault Ste. Marie, Detroit, Couer d'Alene, Marquette, Joliet, Lake Champlain, Lake Pontchartrain, Des Moines, Eau Claire, Fon du Lac, Charlevoix, and Terre Haute. Finally, numerous French words occur in everyday American usage, such equally croquet, poker, roulette, automobile, garage, lingerie, restaurant, crayon, bouquet, and bazaar.
GREETINGS AND POPULAR EXPRESSIONS
Common French greetings and other expressions include: Bonjour —Howdy, Practiced morn, Good afternoon; Comment allez-vous —How exercise you do; Au revoir —Good-farewell; Très bien —Very skilful; Oui, c'est ça —Yes, that'due south correct; Merci beaucoup —Thank you very much; À votre service —You're welcome; or, Don't mention it.
Family unit and Community Dynamics
Teaching
The French educational organisation, which was initiated during Napoleon's dominion, has had a marked influence on schooling in the United States since the early on 1800s. The French arrangement features innovative nursery and primary schools, followed past collèges, the equivalent of American junior high schools. Students then must determine whether to complete their secondary education at an academic or a vocational lycée —a three-year preparatory school like to American high schools. Admission to French universities is based upon a rigorous, competitive examination in a specific discipline surface area. Merely top students may attend the grandes écoles, or elite schools, that serve every bit a prerequisite for top jobs in business and regime. Educators in the United States emulated the French system of progressive schooling culminating in admission to a private or municipal academy. In French republic, yet, the unabridged educational system is administered past the Ministry of National Teaching, while in the United states of america pedagogy is controlled by states or local communities. Proponents of the French system merits that information technology is superior, in that it demands students' best efforts and rewards exceptional performance. On the other hand, some detractors claim that the system works to maintain a social class arrangement in France, since the vast bulk of students at the grandes écoles hail from upper-course backgrounds.
Faith
The majority of French immigrants to the United States accept been Roman Catholic. This fact is so partly because Catholics form a majority in France, and partly considering during colonial times merely Catholics were allowed to emigrate. Descendants of the xv,000 French Huguenots who came to the United states tend to be Anglican. More recently, the United States became a refuge for French Jews during and after World State of war II.
Employment and Economic Traditions
On the whole, French immigrants take been highly successful and have made a lasting impact in the Us. According to We the People, the French immigrants who remained in the United Stated tended to be "less traditional and more enterprising, ambitious, and forward-looking" individuals who typically "adapted without much credible stress to American ways." In contrast to other immigrant groups, just 12 pct of French Americans were farmers. Instead, French immigrants virtually oft worked as professionals, clerical workers, cooks, waiters, artists, and managers.
Specific French immigration waves contributed different labor practices to American social club. For example, the Huguenots introduced a number of skilled crafts to the United states of america, including sophisticated techniques of weaving, leather dressing, lace making, and felt manufacture. Some historians claim that the Huguenots' stylish ways helped transform crude borderland settlements into civilized cities and towns. Refugees from the French Revolution and the fall of Napoleon who came to the United States tended to be former army officers or aristocrats. These educated individuals often taught the French language or such elite activities every bit fencing and dancing. A number of French chefs, hairdressers, wearing apparel designers, and perfumers accompanied the moving ridge of aristocrats and introduced French cuisine and fashion to America.
Politics and Government
Americans of French beginnings began to influence politics in the United States during colonial times. Most French immigrants rapidly became "Americanized," yet, and participated in government as individuals rather than as a group. Four U.S. presidents—John Tyler, James B. Garfield, Theodore Roosevelt, and Franklin D. Roosevelt—were of French Huguenot descent.
MILITARY SERVICE
Many descendants of French Huguenots, including Paul Revere, were distinguished patriots during the American Revolution. In addition, the French government provided invaluable support to the American crusade. One French ground forces captain in detail, Marquis de Lafayette, had an important influence on the events at this time. Lafayette fought brilliantly as a major full general in George Washington'southward ground forces, and later returned to France to convince King Louis 16 to formally recognize the independence of the United States and to provide military help confronting the British. French immigrants fought passionately on both sides of the American Ceremonious War. For instance, Brigadier General Benjamin Buisson, a veteran of the Napoleonic Wars, formed troops out of French volunteers to defend New Orleans for the Confederacy. A number of all-French American groups, known as Zouave units, fought for both the Northward and the S, wearing uniforms in the French colonial tradition.
Individual and Grouping Contributions
ART AND LEISURE
Pierre Charles 50'Enfant (1754-1825), a civil engineer past training, fought with Lafayette during the American Revolution. He later became the architect of the United states capital city in Washington, D.C. His designs of regal buildings and tree-lined squares were considered visionary. French artist Régis François Gignoux came to the United States in 1844. He served every bit the first president of the Brooklyn Art Academy and had a vast influence on American landscape painting. In 1876, John La Farge painted the first landscape in America to decorate Trinity Church building in Boston. He later on went on to develop techniques that allowed stained glass to exist used on a large scale for decorative purposes. Marcel Duchamp, the French Dadaist painter and conceptual creative person, lived in New York from 1942 until his decease in 1968.
Historic poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882), of French descent, was perhaps all-time known for his ballsy Song of Hiawatha, published in 1855. John Greenleaf Whittier (1807-1892) became a prominent abolitionist equally well as poet. French American author and naturalist Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) gained renown with the 1854 publication of Walden, a diary of his ii years in the wilderness nigh Concord, Massachusetts. Two other respected French American writers were Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892-1950), who won the Pulitzer Prize in 1923 for The Harp Weaver, and Other Poems, and Stephen Vincent Benét (1898-1943), who won the 1929 Pulitzer Prize for his epic poem "John Brown's Body."
Among the French American actors to gain prominence in the The states were Leslie Caron (1931– ), Charles Boyer (1899-1978), and Claudette Colbert (1905-1996). After making her American debut in 1924, Colbert won an Academy Award as best actress for her part in It Happened 1 Nighttime in 1934. Role player Robert Goulet fabricated his debut in the Broadway production of Camelot in 1960, and went on to announced in many feature films and receive both Tony and Emmy Awards. Composer Maurice Jarée won several Academy Awards for the musical scores he wrote for such classic American films as Lawrence of Arabia, Dr. Zhivago, 1000 Prix, and The Longest Twenty-four hour period in the 1960s. In sports, French American jockey Ron Turcotte rode the nearly famous American racehorse of all time, Secretariat, to victory in the Triple Crown of equus caballus racing.
EDUCATION
Thomas Gallaudet (1787-1851) founded the first American school for the deafened in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1817. He as well established teachers' training schools and promoted advanced didactics for women. Gallaudet Higher, a national institute for the deaf, was established in Washington, D.C. in 1855. French American Edouard Seguin (1812-1880) was responsible for pregnant developments in the education of mentally challenged individuals. In 1842, Begetter Edward Sorin, a French priest, founded a seminary which subsequently became the University of Notre Dame. Finally, James Bowdoin served equally governor of Massachusetts and first president of the American Academy of Arts and Letters. He also founded Bowdoin College and established the Massachusetts Humane Society.
Government
One of the most influential French Americans in the history of U.Due south. authorities was John Jay (1745-1829). Among his many contributions, Jay acted every bit president of the Continental Congress, negotiated the treaty with England that ensured American independence, and served as the kickoff Chief Justice of U.S. Supreme Courtroom.
Manufacture
I of the well-nigh famous French Americans, partly due to the variety of his contributions, was Paul Revere (1735-1818). The son of Huguenot Apollos Revoire de Romagnieu, Revere led several protests against British rule of the American colonies, including the Boston Tea Party. He also made the legendary "midnight ride" to warn Massachusetts residents that British soldiers were approaching at the start the American Revolution. In his time, however, Revere was besides known as a talented silversmith who developed a distinctly American manner. He designed and engraved the plates for the first paper money in Massachusetts and established the first factory for rolling copper sheets. Pierre Faneuil, who belonged to a wealthy and influential family unit of merchants, donated to the urban center of Boston the public market place and meeting place known every bit Faneuil Hall.
Eleuthère Irénée Dupont de Nemours (1772-1834), who was considered a radical in French republic, came to the U.s. after losing his publishing business concern during the French Revolution. He opened a gunpowder mill in 1799, which grew speedily during the War of 1812. Eventually, under the management of his heirs, his holdings grew into the Dupont Chemical-General Motors circuitous, one of the largest industrial concerns in the earth. In 1851, French American John Gorrie invented an ice machine and received the get-go U.S. patent for mechanical refrigeration. Philip Danforth Armour, whose Armour make meats are however sold in the United States, first entered the meat-packing business in 1863. His contributions to the manufacture included the evolution of advanced slaughtering and mod refrigeration techniques.
SCIENCE AND MEDICINE
Ceremonious engineer Octave Chanute came to the U.s. from France at the age of vi. He conducted numerous experiments in aeronautics and created the fly design that became the footing for the Wright Brothers' successful aeroplane. John J. Audubon (1785-1851), the son of a French immigrant who fought in the American Revolution, is remembered equally America's premier naturalist. His comprehensive study Birds in America, which included over 1,000 illustrations drawn or painted past Audubon, appeared starting time in 1827. Matthew Fontaine Maury is credited equally the founder of the modern scientific discipline of hydrography. He was the first person to chart the flow of the Gulf Stream, to carry deep-ocean soundings, and to imagine the potential of a transoceanic cable. His best-known work, The Physical Geography of the Ocean, was published in 1856. Marine explorer Jacques Cousteau (1910-1997) contributed to the invention of the aqualung in 1943 and won an Academy Award in 1957 for his documentary motion-picture show feature The Silent World.
In medicine, surgeon François Marie Provost performed the first successful cesarean sections in Louisiana in 1809. Alexis Carrel (1873-1944) became famous during his tenure at the Rockefeller Institute as the showtime doctor to sew blood vessels together, transplant creature organs, and keep human tissue alive in jars. He wrote the seminal work Man, the Unknown, and won the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1912.
Media
Impress
France-Amérique.
Published by Trocadero Publishing, Inc., this weekly journal is a French language tabloid established in 1943 by prominent refugees. Information technology covers news from France and Franco-American life in the United States.
Address: 1560 Broadway, Suite 511, New York, New York 10036-1525.
Telephone: (212) 221-6700.
Fax: (212) 221-6997.
E-mail: franceam@aol.com.
Online: http://www.france-amerique.com/ .
France Today.
Published ten times annually by France Press, Inc., France Today covers contemporary issues, events, trends, and travel in French republic.
Address: 1051 Divisadero, San Francisco, California, 94115.
Telephone: (415) 921-5100.
Journal Français d'Amérique.
Published bi-weekly by France Press, Inc., this periodical covers French history, politics, culture, and travel.
Contact: Anne Prah Perochon, Editor.
Address: 1051 Divisadero, San Francisco, California, 94115.
Phone: (415) 921-5100.
Fax: (415) 921-0213.
E-postal service: fpress@hooked.net.
Organizations and Associations
Fédération Féminine Franco-Américaine de la Nouvelle-Angleterre (Federation of French American Women).
FFFA was founded in 1951, the eight,000-member FFFA promotes French culture; conducts an oral history programme; sponsors French speaking contests, youth festivals, ethnic vacations, and an annual scholarship for outstanding students of French; compiles statistics; and maintains an archive and a hall of fame.
Contact: Marthe Westward. Whalon, President.
Address: 240 Highland Avenue, Fall River, Massachusetts, 02720.
Phone: (508) 678-1800.
French American Foundation (FAF).
Founded in 1976, FAF works to strengthen relations between the United States and France by creating opportunities for French and American professionals to discuss problems of concern to both societies. FAF sponsors exchanges of specialists, internships, written report tours, conferences, and fellowships, including the Tocqueville Grant Program for U.S. doctoral candidates and a continuing Chair in American Culture at a university in Paris.
Contact: Diantha D. Schull, Executive Director.
Address: 509 Madison Avenue, Suite 310, New York, New York 10022-5501.
Telephone: (212) 288-4400.
Fax: (212) 288-4769.
Email: french_amerfon@msn.com.
French Constitute/Brotherhood Française (FIAF).
Formed in 1971 through the merger of Alliance Française de New York (founded 1898) and French Constitute in the Us (founded 1911), FIAF encourages study of French linguistic communication and culture amongst its viii,600 members and fosters friendly relations between French and American peoples. FIAF likewise offers a program of French lectures, films, concerts, theater, and fine art; operates a school of French for adults; and maintains a library of 40,000 volumes in French.
Contact: Jean Vallier, Managing director.
Accost: 22 Eastward 60th Street, New York, New York, 10022-1077.
Phone: (212) 355-6100.
Fax: (212) 935-4119.
E-mail: tbechara@fiaf.org.
Online: http://world wide web.fiaf.org .
National Association of Franco-Americans (AFA).
Too known as Assemblée Nationale des Franco-Americains. Founded in 1977, AFA works to provide a cultural identity and create a forum for the exchange of ideas amid its 7,000 members, who share a French linguistic heritage or belong to a French speaking population in the United States. AFA too represents Franco-Americans in legislative matters, conducts research on Franco-American history and civilization, and publishes a bimonthly newsletter.
Contact: Real Gilbert, President.
Address: 500 Chestnut Street, Manchester, New Hampshire 03101-1614.
Telephone: (603) 627-0505.
Museums and Research Centers
The American and French Research on the Treasury of the French Linguistic communication (ARTFL) Projection.
Cooperative endeavour of the University of Chicago and the Heart National de la Recherche Scientifique that is involved in the evolution of an online database covering French linguistic communication and literature from the Centre Ages to the present, including more than 150 1000000 words of major literary, technical, and philosophical texts.
Contact: Dr. Robert Morrissey, Manager.
Accost: Department of Romance Languages and Literature, 1050 East 59th Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60637.
Phone: (773) 702-8488.
E-mail: marker@barkov.uchicago.edu.
Online: http://humanities.uchicago.edu/ARTFL/ARTFL.html .
The Centre for French and Francophone Studies.
Located at Louisiana State Academy, the center conducts enquiry into French and francophone culture of the southern U.s. and the Caribbean area, including studies of mores and customs, work, constabulary and commerce, role of women, Creole languages, and literature.
Contact: Assia Djebar, Managing director.
Address: Department of French and Italian, Louisiana State University, 225 Prescott Hall, Billy Rouge, Louisiana, 70803.
Telephone: (504) 388-6589.
Fax: (504) 388-6620.
E-mail: Djebar_Homer@forlang.lsl.edu.
Online: http://www.lsu.edu .
Henri Peyre French Institute.
An integral unit of the graduate schoolhouse of the City University of New York, the plant conducts enquiry into French literature, philosophy, politics, film, and the arts with the back up of the French authorities.
Contact: Dr. Mary Ann Caws, Managing director.
Accost: 33 Westward 42nd Street, New York, New York, 10036.
Telephone: (212) 642-2311.
Fax: (212) 642-2761.
Electronic mail: cawsma@aol.com.
Society for French Historical Studies.
Independent, nonprofit historical guild focusing on French history in the Usa and Canada.
Contact: Professor Shelton Stromquist.
Address: Academy of Iowa Section of History, Iowa Metropolis, Iowa 52242.
Telephone: (319) 335-2330.
Fax: (319) 335-2293.
E-mail: shelton-stromquist@uiowa.edu.
Sources for Additional Study
Bernstein, Richard. "The Myth of the Anti-American," Delicate Celebrity: A Portrait of French republic and the French. New York, Knopf, 1990.
Brasseaux, Carl A. The "Foreign French": Nineteenth-century French Immigration into Louisiana. Lafayette: Center for Louisiana Studies, University of Southwestern Louisiana, 1990.
Duroselle, Jean-Baptiste. "The Hereditary Enemy," French republic and the United states: From Ancestry to Present, translated past Derek Cotton. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976.
Ekberg, Carl J. French Roots in the Illinois Country: The Mississippi Frontier in Colonial Times. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998.
Harris, Jonathan. The Land and People of France. New York: Lippincott, 1989.
Houde, Jean-Louis. Translated into French by Hubert Houle. French Migration to North America, 1600-1900. Chicago: Editions Houde; Glencoe, Illinois: Distribution, Editions Houde, 1994.
Pula, James S. The French in America, 1488-1974: A Chronology and Fact Book. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana, 1975.
Robbins, Albert. Coming to America: Immigrants from Northern Europe. New York: Delacorte Press, 1981.
Source: https://www.everyculture.com/multi/Du-Ha/French-Americans.html
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